Mate finding in most moths is based on male perception of a female-emitted pheromone whose species specificity resides in component chemistry and proportions. Components are individually detected by specialized olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) projecting into the macroglomerular complex (MGC) of the male brain. We asked how robust ratio recognition is when challenged by a plant volatile background. To test this, we investigated the perception of the pheromone blend in Agrotis ipsilon, a moth species whose females produce a blend of Z7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:Ac), Z9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:Ac), and Z11-hexadecenyl acetate in a 4:1:4 ratio optimally attractive for males. First, we recorded the responses of specialist ORNs for Z7 and Z9 and showed that heptanal, a flower volatile, activated Z7 but not Z9 neurons. Then, we recorded intracellularly the responses of MGC neurons to various ratios and showed that heptanal altered ratio responses of pheromone-sensitive neurons. Finally, we analyzed the behavior of males in a wind tunnel and showed that their innate preference for the 4:1:4 blend was shifted in the presence of heptanal. Pheromone ratio recognition may thus be altered by background odorants. Therefore, the olfactory environment might be a selective force for the evolution of pheromone communication systems.

<div><p>This note is grounded in the examination of Afrotropical butterflies belonging to the entomological collections at CBGP, Montpellier, France. In the course of historical specimen referencing, the species Stempfferia insulana (Aurivillius, 1923; Lycaenidae) was recorded from Gabon. This is the first report of this species for this country, and the most western data for this Central-Western African species.</p></div>

The Neotropical butterfly genus Adelpha Hübner exhibits remarkable species diversity and striking convergence in wing colour patterns potentially explained by mimicry, making it an exceptional model for exploring trait evolution and its relationship with speciation. To date, unresolved phylogenetic relationships hinder a comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary biology of the genus. Using a novel multi‐marker dataset combining one mitochondrial and 15 nuclear gene fragments, we generate the most comprehensive phylogeny of the genus Adelpha to revisit its systematics and investigate the evolution of mimicry colour patterns. Our dataset encompasses 83 of the 87 known extant species and six Limenitis species that were recently excluded from Adelpha (134 of c . 160 subspecies in total), collectively displaying 14 distinct mimicry patterns. We provide conclusive evidence that corroborates previous work on the polyphyly of Adelpha as historically conceived and describe the genus Adelphina Páez &amp; Willmott n. gen . to stabilise the nomenclature. The comprehensive phylogeny provided in this study lays a solid foundation for future research into the processes driving diversification within these species interacting through mimicry. Ancestral character state reconstruction reveals the gradual evolution of mimicry patterns. The more common mimicry pattern IPHICLUS (forewing with orange subapical spot and white band) is inferred as ancestral, but repeated convergent evolution is also recovered. Evolutionary convergence is also observed for the second most abundant mimicry pattern, COCALA (orange‐white banded). Increased rates of mimicry pattern evolution are also found towards the equator. These results underscore the complexity of mimicry evolution in the Neotropical limenitidines, i.e., Adelpha and Adelphina n. gen. , emphasising the need to explore its interplay with other biotic and abiotic factors.

La colonisation bronchique par Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) constitue une source majeure de complications infectieuses chez les patients atteints de maladies pulmonaires chroniques. L'efficacité limitée des antifongiques disponibles, associée à l'émergence croissante de souches résistantes aux azolés, rend nécessaire l'exploration de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. Dans ce contexte, les peptides antimicrobiens (PAM) constituent une alternative prometteuse. Le peptide modifié ETD151, dérivé d'un PAM de lépidoptère, a notamment démontré une activité antifongique contre Botrytis cinerea, un champignon phytopathogène. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'évaluer l'effet anti-Aspergillus d'ETD151 ainsi que son éventuel rôle sur la réponse inflammatoire des cellules épithéliales bronchiques primaires humaines (CEBPH). Le peptide a été testé sur des souches sensibles et résistantes aux azolés, avec des résultats probants. ETD151 induit un raccourcissement et une hyper-ramification des filaments fongiques. Un test cinétique à la résazurine a révélé une inhibition significative de l'activité métabolique, atteignant un maximum avec 1,25 µM d'ETD151. L'activité lytique du peptide a été confirmée par des colorations au calcofluor et au Sytox Green. Des essais de compétition, ainsi que l'utilisation d'une souche de Af délétée pour un gène codant les glucosylcéramides, ont permis de confirmer que ces lipides membranaires sont la cible de ETD151. Par ailleurs, des repiquages successifs sur 16 génération du champignon en présence de ETD151 n'ont pas permis de mettre en évidence le développement de résistance du champignon vis avis du peptide. Enfin, le peptide ne provoque ni libération d'IL-8 par les CEBPH, ni cytotoxicité. Enfin, son effet antifongique sur les CEBPH infectées par Af a été confirmé par dénombrement des CFU et observation en microscopie confocale. Ces résultats soulignent le potentiel des PAM comme agents antifongiques innovants, notamment face aux souches résistantes aux traitements conventionnels.

The presence of multiple distinct forms for a trait within the same population is called polymorphism. Polymorphism is found in various species and for a wide range of traits, ranging from flower morphology in the Primula genus to colony structure in Solenopsis ant species. Understanding how polymorphism is maintained in a stable manner is the main focus of this thesis. Therefore, colour polymorphisms are good models for studying the mechanisms that explain the maintenance of phenotypic diversity. We sought to identify the selection pressures acting on colour variation in Heliconius numata, a neotropical butterfly, to understand how multiple coloured forms coexist within populations.Previous studies on this species have revealed several selection pressures that may maintain the polymorphism. Females exhibit disassortative mate choice, which favours rare forms. In this type of mate choice, females reject males with the same phenotype as themselves. This mate choice seems associated with a specific genetic architecture carrying a genetic burden expressed in the homozygous state. This choice is selected because it reduces the probability of producing homozygous offspring, thus improving their survival. Secondly, certain forms benefit from a survival advantage against predation in the adult stage. Indeed, H. numata is a toxic butterfly with vivid coloration as a warning signal. The protection against predation provided by this bright coloration varies for each form, granting a survival advantage to certain forms.These two selection pressures are believed to be responsible for maintaining the polymorphism in a population found in the Peruvian Andes. In this thesis, we aimed to verify if these hypotheses are valid and explain the polymorphism elsewhere in this species. For this purpose, we focused on the population in French Guiana.We sought to verify the presence of heterogamous mate choice in this population. To do so, we conducted mate choice experiments in captivity. Our mate choice data suggest the existence of weak heterogamous preferences, but only in one of the two forms. There appears to be a slight asymmetry in the choice, with only one form exhibiting a preference. Using a deterministic model that simulates the evolution of each form's frequencies, incorporating the observed mate choice, we demonstrated that this type of asymmetrical mate choice does not maintain the polymorphism and would lead to the disappearance of one form. Our model suggests a survival advantage for the form exhibiting the choice would help maintain the polymorphism.To test for the presence of a survival advantage of one form over the other, we studied the structure of the mimicry community in French Guiana and experimentally compared the predation pressure on each form using artificial butterflies. Our data revealed that the mimicry community in French Guiana is structured into two groups of colour patterns, each containing a form of H.numata. Despite this structure, our predation data showed a difference in predation pressure between the two forms.This thesis has demonstrated that the selection pressures maintaining polymorphism in Heliconius numata are not the same in French Guiana as in Peru, with less pronounced and weakly asymmetrical mate choice, as well as the absence of selective advantage due to predation.

Stenoma decora Zeller, 1854 (Lepidoptera: Depressariidae), is considered a pest of the cacao tree, Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae), causing direct losses by damaging the fruits. In this study, we searched for parasitoids of Stenoma decora. Caterpillars were obtained from fruits and stems in commercial plantations of T. cacao in Mutuípe, Bahia, Brazil, and reared in laboratory. Here we describe the new species Neocardiochiles tropicalis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a parasitoid of S. decora. Parasitised individuals can be readily identified, as the parasitoid kills the prepupa and produces a light-coloured silk cocoon in place of the host’s dark, sclerotised pupal exuviae. This is the first species of the Neocardiochiles recorded in Brazil, and the southernmost record for the genus so far. The presence of this parasitoid in a commercial crop area provides an important context for biological control, representing a new perspective for the management of S. decora.

The genus Sciomesa Tams &amp; Bowden (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Noctuinae: Apameini: Sesamiina) is a predominantly Afrotropical group of stemborer moths whose convoluted taxonomic history needs to be clarified. In this study, a comprehensive examination of specimens in collections was carried out in a complementary manner with molecular analyses, resulting in the following changes: (i) 12 new Sciomesa species are described: S. lalokeli n. sp. and S. metiminko n. sp. from Ethiopia; S. elgonensis n. sp., S. nigra n. sp. and S. simillima n. sp. from Kenya; S. umvoti n. sp. from South Africa; S. iboya n. sp., S. lilomwi n. sp., S. makete n. sp., S. njombe n. sp. and S. tanganyika n. sp. from Tanzania; S. kalinzu n. sp. from Uganda; (ii) four species are reinstated as valid species: three of them, S. constantini Laporte stat. rev., S. etchecopari Laporte stat. rev. and S. mirifica Laporte stat. rev., were previously synonymized with S. mesophaea (Hampson) while S. congitae (Laporte) stat. rev. was previously synonymized with S. boulardi (Laporte); (iii) two species are synonymized: S. minuscula (Laporte) n. syn., which was previously synonymized with S. boulardi, is a synonym of S. congitae, and S. franciscae Laporte n. syn. is a synonym of S. mesophaea; (iv) one species, Sesamia punctipennis Krüger stat. rev., which was transferred to the Sciomesa genus, is removed from the genus Sciomesa and temporarily reinstated to the genus Sesamia Guenée pending a new combination. A supplemental description for 12 previously described species is also provided: S. boulardi, S. bua Moyal et al., S. constantini, S. etchecopari, S. excelsa (Laporte), S. gnosia Moyal et al., S. mesophaea, S. congitae, S. mirifica, S. renibifida Berio, S. scotochroa (Hampson) and S. venata Fletcher. Host-plant records are provided for 10 Sciomesa species, confirming a pattern of phylogenetic niche conservatism on Poales plants in the Cyperaceae family. Phylogenetic and molecular species delimitation analyses were carried out on a multimarker (four mitochondrial and two nuclear genes) molecular dataset encompassing 63 Sciomesa specimens, 24 species belonging to other genera of Sesamiina, and one representative of the sister subtribe Apameina. This sampling also includes the three Malagasy species (S. betschi Viette, S. janthina Viette and S. oberthueri Viette) whose status is debated. The resulting phylogenetic framework provides the most complete picture of the evolutionary relationships of the genus Sciomesa, and results of topological tests provide further support for removing S. betschi and S. janthina from the genus Sciomesa pending new combinations. The results of molecular species delimitation analyses also overwhelmingly support the species status of the Sciomesa species sampled, even for S. mesophaea, a species with a very wide range in the Afrotropics. These analyses also reveal the existence of up to three potential new species, whose status cannot be ascertained because the sequenced individuals were either extracted at a larval stage or correspond to specimens whose genitalia were not studied when their legs were collected.